VIROLOGY

Virology Content Outline

S. No.	Heading	Subheadings
1	Introduction to Virology	Definition and Scope of Virology History of Virology Importance of Viruses in Biology, Medicine, and Ecology
2	Virus Structure and Classification	Viral Morphology Capsid Structure: Icosahedral, Helical, Complex Envelope and Non-Enveloped Viruses Viral Genome Organization DNA Viruses vs. RNA Viruses Single-Stranded vs. Double-Stranded Genomes Virus Classification Systems ICTV Classification Baltimore Classification Virus Families and Examples Key Families: Herpesviridae, Retroviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, etc. Examples of Human, Animal, and Plant Viruses
3	Viral Life Cycle	Virus Attachment and Entry Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis Membrane Fusion Uncoating of Viral Genome Viral Genome Replication DNA Virus Replication RNA Virus Replication Reverse Transcription in Retroviruses Transcription and Translation of Viral Proteins Assembly and Maturation of Viral Particles Viral Egress and Release Lytic vs. Lysogenic Cycle Budding and Exocytosis
4	Virus-Host Interactions	Host Cell Receptors and Viral Tropism Viral Pathogenesis Acute vs. Chronic Infections Latency and Persistence Oncogenesis and Tumor Viruses Host Immune Responses to Viral Infections Innate Immune Response Adaptive Immune Response Viral Evasion Mechanisms
5	Molecular Virology	Viral Genome Structure and Function Viral Gene Expression and Regulation Viral Protein Functions Host Cell Manipulation by Viruses Host Shutoff Mechanisms Immune Modulation Viral Evolution and Quasispecies
6	Viral Epidemiology	Modes of Viral Transmission Direct Contact, Airborne, Vector-Borne, etc. Epidemiological Concepts in Virology Incubation Period, R0, Herd Immunity Outbreaks, Epidemics, and Pandemics Surveillance and Control of Viral Diseases
7	Diagnostic Virology	Virus Detection Techniques PCR, ELISA, Viral Culture, Rapid Tests Serological Methods for Viral Diagnosis Emerging Technologies in Viral Diagnostics Challenges in Viral Diagnostics
8	Antiviral Strategies and Therapeutics	Antiviral Drugs Mechanisms of Action Drug Resistance Vaccines Types: Live-Attenuated, Inactivated, Subunit, mRNA Vaccines Vaccine Development and Efficacy Immunotherapy Monoclonal Antibodies, Convalescent Plasma New and Emerging Therapeutics
9	Emerging and Re-Emerging Viruses	Factors Contributing to Viral Emergence Case Studies of Emerging Viruses SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, Ebola, Zika Global Health Impact and Response Preparedness and Response Strategies
10	Specialized Topics in Virology	Viral Vectors in Gene Therapy Viruses in Biotechnology Phage Display, CRISPR-Cas Systems Viruses in Ecological and Evolutionary Contexts Ethical Considerations in Virology Research
11	Laboratory Techniques in Virology	Virus Cultivation and Propagation Virus Quantification Methods Genetic Manipulation of Viruses Use of Animal Models in Virology Research
12	Case Studies and Contemporary Issues	Historical Case Studies of Viral Outbreaks Ethical Issues in Virology Current Challenges and Future Directions in Virology Impact of Climate Change on Viral Diseases