Variants of SARS-CoV-2 virus

Since its emergence in late 2019, the SARS-CoV-2 virus, responsible for COVID-19, has undergone several genetic mutations, leading to the emergence of various variants. Here is an overview of notable variants of SARS-CoV-2 identified from its origin to 2024:

Original Wuhan Strain: The initial strain of SARS-CoV-2, also known as the Wuhan or wild-type strain, was first identified in Wuhan, China, in late 2019. This strain served as the baseline for subsequent variants.

Alpha Variant (B.1.1.7): Identified in the United Kingdom in September 2020, the Alpha variant is characterized by multiple mutations in the spike protein, including N501Y, associated with increased transmissibility. It quickly spread to other countries and became a dominant variant in many regions.

Beta Variant (B.1.351): First identified in South Africa in May 2020, the Beta variant contains mutations in the spike protein, including E484K, which may affect antibody recognition and vaccine efficacy. It has been associated with increased transmissibility and reduced susceptibility to neutralization by some antibodies.

Gamma Variant (P.1): Emerged in Brazil in November 2020, the Gamma variant shares some mutations with the Beta variant, including E484K. It has been associated with increased transmissibility and reduced susceptibility to neutralization by antibodies.

Delta Variant (B.1.617.2): Originating in India in late 2020, the Delta variant has become one of the most widely spread variants globally. It is characterized by mutations in the spike protein, including L452R and P681R, and is associated with increased transmissibility and potentially higher risk of severe illness.

Omicron Variant (B.1.1.529): First reported in South Africa in November 2021, the Omicron variant has a large number of mutations, particularly in the spike protein. It has raised concerns due to its high number of mutations and potential impact on transmissibility, immune evasion, and vaccine effectiveness.

These are just a few examples of the variants of SARS-CoV-2 identified up to 2024. It's important to note that the virus continues to evolve, and new variants may emerge over time. Monitoring and studying these variants are essential for understanding their impact on transmission, disease severity, diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccine efficacy, and for informing public health responses.